Meanwhile, on the western frontier of the nineteenth century, predominantly male communities of entrepreneurs, laborers, miners, railroad workers, and soldiers provided large markets for prostitution. With the rise of a market economy in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, traditional agrarian ways of life gave way to wage-labor systems in increasingly commercial and urban settings, which featured significant prostitution practices. The first British North American colonial laws against prostitution, local ordinances criminalizing the running of "bawdy" houses (1672) and "nightwalking" (1699), failed to curtail the growth of commercial prostitution in the United States. LGBT involvement in prostitution, hustling, and sex work has been subject to particularly intense forms of legal policing and social regulation in certain contexts. Commercial sex (both cross-sex and same-sex) and noncommercial same-sex sex have been stigmatized and criminalized in ways that conflate and confuse these distinct but overlapping types of consensual behavior. ![]() ![]() LGBT people also constitute audiences and markets for commercial sex, usually but not always for the types of sex that they prefer to have in noncommercial contexts. Self-identified LGBT, queer, and straight people work in sex industries, offering varieties of commercial sex both in line with and out of line with their own noncommercial sexual interests. While prostitution and hustling generally refer to the exchange of sex for money (or for nonsexual goods or services), sex work is a broader category that also includes stripping, erotic dancing, and labor in the pornography, peep show, and telephone sex industries. Prostitution, hustling, and sex work are forms of labor, not erotic preferences or gender identities. ![]() PROSTITUTION, HUSTLING, AND SEX WORK LAW AND POLICY
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